Contribution of incident solar radiation on leaves and pods to soybean seed weight and composition

The weight and composition of soybean seeds (Glycine Max L. Merrill) depend on changes in carbon and nitrogen assimilate supply during grain filling. Soybean pods and seeds are green, evidencing their capacity to capture light. However, the current physiological knowledge does not consider any effect of incident solar radiation reaching the pods on seed weight and composition. The objective of this work was to investigate the response of seed weight and composition to changes in assimilate supply from leaves, to the incident solar radiation reaching the pods and to the combination of both, changes in assimilate supply from the leaves and incident solar radiation on pods of soybean plants. Field experiments were performed during two growing seasons at Balcarce, Argentina. Treatments modified the amount of assimilates supplied by the leaves (plant shading, defoliation), the solar radiation reaching the pods (pod shading) or both (defoliation and pod shading) during seed filling. Plant shading and defoliation reduced seed weight, oil concentration and oil and protein content and increased the concentration of saturated and poli-unsaturated fatty acids while reduced oleic acid percentage. Pod shading increased the concentration of stearic acid and reduced the concentration of linolenic acid. When pods were shaded on defoliated plants, seed weight and oil and protein content decreased while fatty acid composition was similar to values obtained under defoliation treatment. Based on these results, a conceptual model that considers photoheterotrophic nature of reproductive structures of soybean is proposed. Seed weight, oil and protein content and oil fatty acid composition depended on assimilate availability for the seeds. The response of oil and protein content to assimilate supply depended on whether leaves were present or not. The effect of solar radiation incident on pods depended on the amount of assimilates available for the seeds: (i) when carbon allocated was low (defoliation treatments), pods contributed to seed carbon economy but solar radiation incident on them did not affect fatty acid composition; (ii) when carbon allocated to the seeds was high (intact plants), contribution of pods to seed carbon economy was not significant, but the amount of solar radiation incident on pods produced significant changes in fatty acid composition.     

Current insights into the autotrophic thaumarchaeal ammonia oxidation in acidic soils

Recent studies of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) suggested their significant contributions to global nitrogen cycling, and phylogenetic analysis categorized AOA into a novel archaeal phylum, the Thaumarchaeota. AOA are ubiquitous in terrestrial ecosystems, have unique mechanisms for nitrification, better adaptation to low-pH pressures, and strikingly lower ammonia requirements compared with ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). Previous perceptions that microbial ammonia oxidation in acidic soils was minimal, and entirely meditated by autotrophic bacteria and occasionally by heterotrophic nitrifiers have been dramatically challenged, and the dominant nitrifying groups urgently called for re-assessment. Controversially, the relative contributions of AOA and AOB to autotrophic ammonia oxidation have been reported to vary in different soils, but ammonia substrate availability, which was largely restricted under acidic conditions, seemed to be the key driver. Theoretically predicted ammonia concentrations in acidic soils below the substrate threshold of AOB and remarkably high ammonia affinity of AOA raised the supposition that thaumarchaea could represent the dominant ammonia-oxidizing group in ammonia-limited acidic environments. Recently, the functional dominance of thaumarchaea over its bacterial counterpart and autotrophic thaumarchaeal ammonia oxidation in acidic soils has been compellingly confirmed by DNA-stable isotope probing (SIP) experiments and the cultivation of an obligate acidophilic thaumarchaeon, Nitrosotalea devanaterra. Here, we review the currently available knowledge concerning the history and progress in our understanding of the ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms (AOB and AOA) and the mechanisms of nitrification in nutrient-depleted acidic soils, present the possible mechanisms shaping the distinct niches of AOA and AOB, and thus strengthen the assumption that AOA dominate over AOB in ammonia oxidation of acidic soils.     

“稻-再-油/肥”轮作和施氮对水稻产量及籽粒灌浆特性的影响

为探究稻-再-油/肥轮作和施氮对水稻产量及籽粒灌浆特性的影响,于2015-2017年在湖北省武穴市进行稻-再-油/肥轮作定位试验,设置4个处理。T1:稻-再-油轮作,三季均不施氮;T2:稻-再-油轮作,三季施氮量为165、120和180 kg·hm^-2;T3:稻-再-肥轮作,三季施氮量与T2相同;T4:稻-再-闲轮作,前两季施氮量与T2相同。研究各处理水稻产量及产量构成因子的变化,并利用Richards方程拟合水稻强、弱势粒的灌浆过程。结果表明：①2015-2017年头季稻和再生稻产量均表现为T3＞T2＞T4＞T1。与T4相比,2016-2017年T2处理的头季稻和再生稻分别增产8.4%和14.4%、22.2%和17.7%,T3分别增产12.7%和17.9%、25.1%和244%;与T1相比,2015-2017年T2处理的头季稻和再生稻分别增产35.1%和22.0%、36.4%和30.3%、651%和65.6%。②在稻-再-油/肥轮作和施氮条件下,2017年头季稻和再生稻籽粒灌浆特性表现一致。与T4相比,T2、T3均能提高头季稻和再生稻强势粒起始势和弱势粒达到最大灌浆速率的干物质量;与T1相比,T2延长头季稻和再生稻强、弱势粒有效灌浆期,从而实现头季稻和再生稻籽粒粒重增加,产量提高。     

氮钾配施对冬油菜角果皮光合作用及光合器官氮分配的影响

  【目的】  角果皮作为典型的非叶器官,其光合作用不仅是油菜(Brassica napus L.)光合作用的重要补充,更是生育后期产量建成的重要碳源。我们研究了氮、钾营养及氮钾配施对冬油菜角果形态、角果皮光合特性、光合器官氮分配的影响及光合氮利用效率(PNUE)差异机制。  【方法】  采用双因素田间试验,设4个施氮量(N 0、90、180、270 kg/hm2,分别以 N₀、N₉₀、N₁₈₀、N₂₇₀表示),两个钾用量(K₂O 0、120 kg/hm2,分别以K₀、K₁₂₀表示),试验共计8个处理:N₀K₀、N₀K₁₂₀、N₉₀K₀、N₉₀K₁₂₀、N₁₈₀K₀、N₁₈₀K₁₂₀、N₂₇₀K₀、N₂₇₀K₁₂₀,每个处理3次重复。在角果期测定角果形态参数、净光合速率(A_n)、角果皮氮钾养分含量、光合氮利用效率（PNUE）以及最大羧化速率(V_cmax)等相关光合、生理参数,并计算角果皮氮素在光合器官(羧化系统、电子传递系统和捕光系统)的分配比例。  【结果】  与N₀K₀处理相比,氮钾配施处理单株角果数增加了1.7～3.0倍,角果长和角果面积分别提高了12.1%～30.2%和9.9%～43.8%。在不同氮肥施用量下,施钾后角果皮氮含量平均降低了19.5%;在不同施钾量下,氮肥施用后角果皮钾含量平均降低了20.9%。氮钾配施处理角果皮气孔导度(g_s)、叶肉导度(g_m)、V_cmax及A_n较N₀K₀处理平均提高了11.1%、158.8%、88.2%和115.0%。与N₀处理相比,施氮后角果皮光合系统氮库平均增加了51.1%,但羧化系统(N_cb)和电子传递系统(N_et)中氮分配比例分别下降了8.4和2.5个百分点,PNUE降低了21.1%;相反,施钾后角果皮光合氮库和分配比例分别较K₀处理提高了28.7%和15.6个百分点,其中N_cb和N_et氮库分别提高了35.9%和31.4%,PNUE增幅高达65.7%。与N₀K₀处理相比,尽管氮钾配施对角果皮光合系统氮分配比例的提升作用较小,但光合系统氮库容量增加了90.7%,远高于单施氮肥或钾肥对角果皮光合氮库的提升幅度。PNUE与角果皮钾含量和光合系统中各组分氮分配比例呈极显著正相关关系,而与角果皮氮含量及氮钾比呈显著负相关。  【结论】  氮钾配施一方面提高了角果皮光合面积、协调氮钾营养平衡、降低CO₂传输阻力,另一方面增加了角果皮光合氮库、改善了光合系统中氮分配比例,从而提高了角果光合能力、优化了PNUE。因此,在实际生产中氮钾肥要合理配施,最大化个体光合潜能,进而提高群体生产力达到增产增效的目的。     

紫云英还田与氮肥减施对水稻土团聚体中各形态铁锰含量的影响

  【目的】  水稻土团聚体的形成和稳定与铁锰氧化物含量密切相关。研究紫云英还田对水稻土团聚体组成以及各粒径团聚体中铁锰形态的影响,以揭示紫云英还田与氮肥减施下土壤团聚体的稳定性机制。  【方法】  田间试验于2015年在湖北荆州进行,供试土壤为长江冲积物发育的水稻土。设置不施氮肥(CK)、紫云英种植还田(MV)、60%氮肥(N_60%)、100%氮肥(N_100%)、紫云英种植还田+60%氮肥(MV+N_60%)、紫云英种植还田+100%氮肥(MV+N_100%) 6个处理。于2019年,采样分析土壤水稳性团聚体百分含量,各粒径团聚体中不同形态的铁锰含量。  【结果】  施肥有效提高了土壤大团聚体(>0.25 mm)含量,以MV+N_60%处理的效果最为明显,比CK处理大团聚体含量增加了49.8%,微团聚体含量减少了71.0%,有效提高了土壤团聚体稳定性。土壤大团聚体中各形态铁锰含量显著高于微团聚体。在>5 mm团聚体中,除游离锰外其余形态的铁锰含量与平均重量直径(MWD)或几何平均直径(GMD)显著相关(r=0.474～0.704),游离铁和非晶质铁与MWD和GMD均呈极显著正相关。  【结论】  游离铁和非晶质铁是团聚体稳定性的关键因素。紫云英还田与氮肥减施有利于游离铁和非晶质铁在大团聚体中的富集,促进大团聚体的形成,进而改变土壤团聚体粒径分布,提高土壤团聚体的稳定性。     

氮肥配施下不同C/N作物残渣还田对红壤温室气体排放的影响

氮肥配施能够促进还田秸秆的分解,为了解其对不同C/N秸秆还田下温室气体排放的影响,采用培养实验方法,研究了油菜饼(C/N为4)、玉米秸秆(C/N为28)、水稻秸秆(C/N为41)和小麦秸秆(C/N为71)等4种不同C/N植物残渣在不同量氮肥(无氮、低氮和高氮)配施下对红壤温室气体(CO2、CH4和N2O)排放的影响。结果显示,氮肥配施增加了不同植物残渣的CO2-C累积排放量,且仅在高C/N的小麦秸秆处理中发现存在显著性差异,在低氮和高氮下CO2-C累积排放量分别达到1 271.44、1 212.83 mg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的883.40 mg·kg-1。土壤N2O累积排放量最大的为油菜饼处理组,低氮量的配施进一步增强了N2O的产生,其累积排放量达到5 550.42μg·kg-1,显著高于无氮肥配施的4 430.44μg·kg-1,然而当氮肥施用量进一步增加时却抑制了N2O的排放(3752.84μg·kg-1)。氮肥配施并未显著影响玉米秸秆和小麦秸秆处理组的N2O累积排放量。在培养期内,每一个处理均表现为CH4的吸收现象,氮肥施用能够增加土壤对CH4的累积吸收量,但差异显著性仅在对照和油菜饼处理中发现。     

华中黄棕壤和黄褐土粘粒胶膜的微量元素地球化学特征

The relationships between the basic properties and trace elementsin soil argillans and corresponding matrix soils were studied by sampling from the B horizons of 26 Alfisols in croplands of the subtropical area in Central China. The soil elements (K, Na, Ca, Mg, Mn, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Ti, V, and Zn) were extracted by acid digestion and their contents were measured using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The mean contents of clay and organic matter in the argillans were approximately 1.1 and 1.3 times greater than those in the matrix soils, respectively. The pH values and the contents of P₂O₅ and bases (K₂O, Na₂O, CaO, and MgO) in the argillans were higher than those in the corresponding matrix soils. Cu, Cd, Ti, and V were enriched in the argillans. Correlation coefficients and factor analyses showed that Co, Cu, Li, and Zn were bound with phyllosilicates and manganese oxides (Mn-oxides) in the argillans. Cr and Pb were mainly associated with iron oxides (Fe-oxides), while Ni was bound with Mn-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were chiefly associated with phyllosilicates, but Cr and Mo were rarely enriched in the argillans. In contrast, in the matrix soils, Co and Zn were associated with organic matter and Fe-oxides, Cr existed in phyllosilicates, and Mo was bound to Fe-oxides. Cd, Ti, and V were associated with organic matter. The results of this study suggest that clays, organic matter, and minerals in the argillans dominate the illuviation of trace elements in Alfisols. Argillans might be the active interfaces of elemental exchange and nutrient supply in cropland soils in Central China.     

紫云英添加对土壤团聚体组成及有机碳分布的影响

以湖北省武汉市稻田土壤为研究对象,分别设置不添加紫云英(CK)、添加2%土壤质量的紫云英(G1)、添加4%土壤质量的紫云英(G2)3个处理,进行干湿交替模拟培养试验,研究培养60、120和180d土壤团聚体组成及团聚体内有机碳的分布特征。结果表明:添加紫云英培养120 d增加了各处理2 mm团聚体含量,培养60 d时G1处理的增幅最大(78.08%),培养120 d时G2处理的增幅最大(77.31%),且显著提高了团聚体的平均重量直径。不同培养时期添加紫云英均提高了土壤的有机碳含量,且G2处理土壤有机碳含量高于G1处理,各处理随着培养时间的增加有机碳含量先增加后降低。团聚体中有机碳含量均随着粒级的减小而降低,紫云英添加培养180 d时团聚体各粒级有机碳含量均有所提升,且2 mm团聚体的有机碳含量增幅最大(17.17%～43.67%)。紫云英添加培养120 d时主要增加大团聚体内各有机碳组分的相对含量,180 d时显著增加了微团聚体内细颗粒有机碳的含量。     

Depth-specific distribution and importance of nitrite-dependent anaerobic ammonium and methane-oxidising bacteria in an urban wetland

Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) and nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) are two recently discovered processes in the nitrogen cycle that are catalysed by anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria, respectively. Here, the depth-specific distribution and importance of anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria were studied in an urban wetland, Xixi Wetland, Zhejiang Province (China). Anammox bacteria related to Candidatus Brocadia, Candidatus Kuenenia and Candidatus Anammoxoglobus, and n-damo bacteria related to “Candidatus Methylomirabilis oxyfera” were present in the collected soil samples. The abundance of anammox bacteria (2.6–8.6 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils (0–10 cm and 20–30 cm) was higher than that (2.5–9.8 × 10⁵ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils, whereas the abundance of n-damo bacteria (0.6–1.3 × 10⁷ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the deep soils (50–60 cm and 90–100 cm) was higher than that (3.4–4.5 × 10⁶ copies g⁻¹ dry soil) in the shallow soils. Anammox activity was detected at all depths, and higher potential rates (12.1–21.4 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) were observed at depths of 0–10 cm and 20–30 cm compared with the rates (3.5–8.7 nmol N₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹) measured at depths of 50–60 and 90–100 cm. In contrast, n-damo was mainly occurred at depths of 50–60 cm and 90–100 cm with potential rates of 0.7–5.0 nmol CO₂ g⁻¹ dry soil d⁻¹. This study suggested the niche segregation of the anammox bacteria and n-damo bacteria in wetland soils, with anammox bacteria being active primarily in deep soils and n-damo bacteria being active primarily in shallow soils.     

不同质地重塑土坡面水沙定量关系研究

为确定不同质地重塑土坡面水力学参数与土壤侵蚀速率间的定量关系,采用模拟径流冲刷动床试验的方法,对不同质地坡面的土壤侵蚀速率进行了研究,建立了土壤侵蚀速率与水力学参数、土壤性质间的定量关系。结果表明:(1)土壤侵蚀速率与坡度和流量关系密切,且坡度对土壤侵蚀速率的影响更大;土壤质地对土壤侵蚀速率具有明显的影响,相同试验条件下使土壤侵蚀速率呈现"单峰状"分布,在50%含沙量的坡面最大;(2)细沟平均沟深、断面宽深比与土壤侵蚀速率之间具有极显著的相关关系(r=–0.865,P0.01),可以作为反映坡面侵蚀产沙程度的指标;(3)单位水流功率是描述土壤侵蚀速率的最佳水力学参数(r=0.911,P0.01),幂函数可以很好地表达两者之间的定量关系(D_r=49.96Pr~(2.07),R~2=0.795);(4)考虑到土壤性质对坡面侵蚀的影响,在单位水流功率与土壤侵蚀速率的定量关系中引入了土壤黏聚力,进一步提高了定量关系的可靠性(D_r=165.22Pr~(2.36)C~(–0.44),R~2=0.816),由于方程中参数获取的相对简便,在实际应用中具有更广的适应范围与现实价值。